In recent years, treatment options for heavily pretreated patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) have become increasingly complex due to the availability of multiple agents such as novel B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)- and GPRC5D (G-proteincoupled receptor, class C, group 5, member D)-directed therapies, including bispecific antibodies, antibody–drug conjugates and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. Currently, there are no randomized trial data regarding the best treatment choices and sequences. The aim of this paper from the European Myeloma Network was to provide practical guidance on the sequential use of BCMA- and GPRC5D-directed therapies.

Ciltacabtagene autoleucel (cilta-cel) is a B-cell maturation antigen-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy approved for the treatment of lenalidomide-refractory multiple myeloma based on the ongoing phase 3 CARTITUDE-4 trial, which is comparing the efficacy and safety of cilta-cel versus standard of care (SoC) regimens. The aim of this paper was to provide an updated analysis of efficacy and safety in the CARTITUDE- 4 population.

Iberdomide, a novel potent cereblon E3 ligase modulator, has shown promising clinical activity in combination with dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of iberdomide combined with low-dose cyclophosphamide (which has been shown to potentiate the effects of immunomodulatory drugs) and dexamethasone in patients with RRMM.

The DREAMM-8 study demonstrated that lenalidomideexposed patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) who received belantamab mafodotin, pomalidomide and dexamethasone had a significantly lower risk of disease progression or death than those who received bortezomib, pomalidomide and dexamethasone. The aim of this secondary analysis was to evaluate patientreported health-related quality of life (QoL) among DREAMM-8 participants.